The Theory Of Classical Conditioning - 1448 Words

Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist who lived from (1927-1960) first observed and conceived the concept of Classical conditioning. The concept of classical conditioning is widely distinguished and understood as the most basic form of cognitive learning. Even before Ivan Pavlov named the process of conditioning, his work was considered ahead of his time (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). In fact, Pavlov was presented a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Nero Medicine for his research on the digestion system of dogs (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). To further his digestion research, Pavlov devised a medical procedure for implanting a tube, called a fistula, into animals that were still alive. This allowed Pavlov to collect digestive secretions, and measure them, such as those secreted in a dog’s stomach or the mouth (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). This was a dramatic first, because before Pavlov s advancements, almost everything that was understood or known about physiological processes was revealed from studies i nvolving severe (temporary or sacrificed animals) as opposed to operatic preparations (long-term and in living animals). Pavlov was always interested mainly in the understanding of reflexive occurrences when food was placed in the dog’s mouth and as it passed through the other parts of the digestive system, including the stomach (Feeser, 2002, p. 27). For example, Professor Pavlov or one of his many personal assistants would put meat into the mouth of a dog or dogs and then measure the amount of salivaShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning929 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussion 5 1. Define: Classical Conditioning is learning theory based on the assumption that the learning process occurs due to associations between an environmental stimulus and a natural occurring stimulus, as indicated in our textbook. This learning theory was developed by John Watson. He proposed that this theory is able to explain human behavior. Watson also assumed that our environment shapes our personality as a whole. His ideas were influenced by the findings of Ivan Pavlov, a RussianRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1129 Words   |  5 PagesIn this assignment I will be looking at the Behaviourist perspective with Ivan Pavlov’s (1902) theory about classical conditioning. I will be discussing how I have used human development and learning perspectives in my placement to support young people in their personal and social development with providing a case study about them. I will be writing about how the theory demonstrates effective youth and community work practice including the five pillars of youth work. Behaviourists look at behaviourRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1360 Words   |  6 PagesIs it possible to rouse fear from a stimulus that at first caused no such response? Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a response is produced from combining a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce an unconditioned response. Ivan Pavlov did a famous study, pairing the sound of a bell with food to produce salivation. After a while, just the sound alone would produce salivation. â€Å"Little Albert†, an infant that belonged to a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane HomeRead MoreTheory of Classical Conditioning1051 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Conditioning Introduction In psychology, there are number of theories and ideas which are used to influence the way someone reacts to particular events. In the case of classical conditioning, these ideas have been utilized to create short and long term transformations about how someone sees and reacts to the world around them. To fully understand how this is taking place requires examining these techniques and the way they are influencing behavior. This will be accomplished by studyingRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1202 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay the ways in which classical conditioning principals have been used to treat problem behaviours in humans will be discussed. Firstly the findings of Ivan Pavlov’s research experiment on classical conditioning will be explained. Then a number of his basic principals that include extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalisation and acquisition will be explored. Finally, the use of behavioural therapy in treating problem behaviours, specifically in relation to systematic desensitisationRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1070 Words   |  5 Pages(1929) and Watson and Rayner (1920) contributed to the theory of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning argues behaviour is learned through the continued pairing of a stimulus that creates a response. This can be a fear response as identified by Watson and Rayner (1920) where a healthy eleven-month-old boy was conditioned to feel fear when he saw a fluffy white toy. This fear extended to any fluffy white object. Operant conditioning theory was developed through the findings of Skinner (1938)Read MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1222 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced. Although Harlow has found this theory, Ivan Pavlov experimented with dogs and discovered classical conditioning. Classical conditioning can show how attitudes are formed and changed, how and when attitudes influence behavior, and how we change attitudes and behavior. Classical conditioning is basically learning through association, which induces involuntary or automatic responses to certain stimuli. A famous example is Pavlov’s dogs, before conditioning the dogs would salivate (UCR) when meatRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning994 Words   |  4 Pagestransfer persist, although with a certain loss in the intensity of the reaction, for a longer period than one month.† The data reported in this paper definitely supports this conclusion. The purpose of this experiment was to test the theory of classical conditioning as well as transfer (stimulus generalization); and to see if they would be able to successfully condition an emotional response of fear. When this experiment began, Little Albert was 11 months and 3 days old. Watson and Rayner exposedRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning Theory Essay712 Words   |  3 Pagesattachment theory is a psychological, an ethological and an evolutionary theory that is concerned with relationships between humans, specifically between mother and infant. An infant has to develop a relationship with at least one of their primary caregivers for them to develop socially and emotionally. This essay will look at evaluating the theories of Ivan Pavlov, John B Watson, Edward Thorndike, BF Skinner, John Bowlby (1958), and Mary Anisworth (1979) Two important learning theories of behavioristRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1824 Words   |  8 PagesClassical conditioning The first theory of learning is called classical conditioning and was developed by Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist. He started working with dogs to investigate their digestive system, they were ties to a harness and Pavlov added monitors to their stomachs and mouths to measure the rate of saliva produced. He found out that when a lab assistant came in to give the dog food before the dog tasting the food it started to produce saliva, saliva is a reflex response and Pavlov

International And Business-to-Business Marketing Essay

International And Business-to-Business Marketing Business markets are markets for products and services, local to international, bought by businesses, government bodies, and institutions, for incorporation, for consumption, for use, or for resale.[1] In business marketing, the customers are organisations, (businesses, governments, and institutions). An organisation is a group of people pursuing a common aim through co-ordinated activities, organisations are characterised by structure, activity and goals.[2] The search for improved quality and superior performance has spawned a significant shift in the purchasing practices. To develop profitable relationships with organisational customers,†¦show more content†¦BTs specifications are precise therefore more emphasis would be placed on personal selling, guided by long term-relationship. For example, BTs revenue from CRM-related business was  £778 million at the end of the last financial year. This equates to approximately 25% of BTs addressable CRM market in the UK. BT estimates annual revenue of more than  £2 billion from CRM by 2005. Supply chain management is a strategic technique that links the manufacturers operations with those of all its suppliers and its key intermediaries and customers. The approach is endorsed by BT and Siebel, both companies seeks to integrate the relationships and operations of both immediate, first tier suppliers, and those several tiers back in the supply chain, in order to assist second, third , and fourth-tier suppliers in meeting requirements like quality, delivery, and the timely exchange of information. They also solicit ideas from key suppliers and involve them directly in the new product development process. By managing supply chain costs and linking supplier capabilities to new product development, the purchasing function is advancing corporate performance in many organisations. BTs partnerships with other leading companies that form an ecosystem includeShow MoreRelatedInternational Business And International Marketing1457 Words   |  6 PagesInternational business compares all commercial transactions like private and government, investments and sales and transportation which take place between two or more regions , nations and countries beyond their political boundries.simply international business is exchange of goods and services among business and individual in multiple countries. International business such as an essential subject for students around the world because international business is vital ingredient in entrepreneurshipRead MoreInternational Business Marketing1967 Words   |  8 Pagesanalyzes why and how companies set their international business strategies with the host nations and the benefits that they have reaped through the years with their decision. The discussion handles foreign manufacturing strategies with direct investment and without direct investment, its advantages and disadvantages and how companies have profited by their decisions in each of the cases. At the end of the discussion it would be clear that how such business decisions play a vital role in the growthRead MoreInternational Business Strategy : International Marketing Strategy3220 Words   |  13 Pages: 567334 Course Title : International Business Strategy Due Date : 11 August 15 Course code : 151030008 Word Count : 2500 Discuss this statement : â€Å" While Dunning’s OLI model provides a general paradigm for explaining the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment , its use in designing an international corporate strategy , as defined by Head is limited and requires more specific models for the task † B.Sc. International Management in MENA Read MoreInternational Business Environment And Marketing Management1853 Words   |  8 PagesI chose international business environment as my topic of interest The reason why I chose this topic because I would like to become an international business manager in the future, so as a result of that I have to know a lot about the international business environment and that will help to develop my career in international of business management and yes international business environment is related to my area of study or professional field of study, as a student of business administration andRead MoreMarketing Strategy For The International Business Market1811 Words   |  8 Pages When companies decide to enter the international business market they can do so via two different strategies, the multinational and global strategies. These two may seem like they are the same but in reality each strategy is very different. The multinational strategy’s main purpose is to adjust the product being offer to better appeal to the people or place to where it is being offer, while the global strategy does not make that distinction. Using the global strategy means that the same marketRead MoreInternational Business Project : International Marketing Project2362 Words   |  10 Pages International Business Project By ABC Date: Table of contents International Business Project 3 1. Introduce produce: 3 a) What is it? What is its function? What are its physical characteristics? 3 2. Describe your country of choice 3 a) When was the country formed/became independent 4 b) General country characteristics: 4 Geography, size, water, road, rail statistics: 4 c) Location: 5 d) Population: 5 i. Number: 5 ii. Age and sex breakdown: 6 iii. Birth and death rates: 7 iv. Urban/rural distribution:Read MoreReflective Journal of International Business Planning and Marketing1048 Words   |  5 PagesStudent’s Reflective Journal Subject : MNM41 International business planning marketing Identify the theory/model/case Case name: Wal-Mart’s German Misadventure I really like this article. It provides a comprehensive view of a huge corporation entering a new market. It indicates how a difficult it is for a corporation to enter a market based on completely different culture, language, consumer concern and regulation environment. Especially in a highly-developed economy, the competitiveRead MoreThe Effect Of International Marketing Environment On Business Environment Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe importance of â€Å"Marketing† as a concept, a practice and an orientation as being fundamental to the competitiveness and the survival of any business entity cannot be over emphasis in today’s business environment. (Kotler, 2011). Most businesses are expanding and getting into new market areas for economic and strategic reasons and it is becoming increasingly difficult, if not possible, for companies to insulate themselves from the effect of international marketing environment, even if their productsRead More Marketing MA Manageme nt and International Business Essay2233 Words   |  9 PagesMarketing MA Management and International Business Introduction CRM is a term for methodologists, technologies and e-commerce capabilities -used by companies to manage customer relationships. (Foss, 2001:1) It is also called customer management, customer care and sometimes customer centricity or customer-centric management. (Brown, 2000:1) All the names and definitions of CRM have customer, as its core-it is the management of customer relationships, which attempts to revolutionizeRead MoreThe Body Shop International: Marketing and Business Analysis2136 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Body Shop 1. Introduction The role of marketing has grown exponentially throughout the past recent years, and this is faithfully reflected in the strategic endeavors and decisions of the economic agents. The historical customers would choose from a limited array of products and would simply purchase whatever the manufacturers offered them. Throughout the past recent decades nevertheless, the economic climate has changed as it became more liberalized and globalized. This translated into

Booker T. Washington (582 words) Essay Example For Students

Booker T. Washington (582 words) Essay Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington1856-1915, EducatorBooker Taliaferro Washington was the foremost black educator of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He also had a major influence on southern race relations and was the dominant figure in black public affairs from 1895 until his death in 1915. Born a slave on a small farm in the Virginia backcountry, he moved with his family after emancipation to work in the salt furnaces and coal mines of West Virginia. After a secondary education at Hampton Institute, he taught an upgraded school and experimented briefly with the study of law and the ministry, but a teaching position at Hampton decided his future career. In 1881 he founded Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute on the Hampton model in the Black Belt of Alabama. Though Washington offered little that was innovative in industrial education, which both northern philanthropic foundations and southern leaders were already promoting, he became its chief black exemplar and spokesman. In his advocacy of Tuskegee Institute and its educational method, Washington revealed the political adroitness and accommodationist philosophy that were to characterize his career in the wider arena of race leadership. He convinced southern white employers and governors that Tuskegee offered an education that would keep blacks down on the farm and in the trades. To prospective northern donors and particularly the new self- made millionaires such as Rockefeller and Carnegie he promised the inculcation of the Protestant work ethic. To blacks living within the limited horizons of the post- Reconstruction South, Washington held out industrial education as the means of escape from the web of sharecropping and debt and the achievement of attainable, petit-bourgeois goals of self-employment, landownership, and small business. Washington cultivated local white approval and secured a small state appropriation, but it was northern donations that made Tuskegee Institute by 1900 the best-supported black educational institution in the country. The Atlanta Compromise Address, delivered before the Cotton States Exposition in 1895, enlarged Washingtons influence into the arena of race relations and black leadership. Washington offered black acquiescence in disfranchisement and social segregation if whites would encourage black progress in economic and educational opportunity. Hailed as a sage by whites of both sections, Washington further consolidated his influence by his widely read autobiography Up From Slavery *menu.html* (1901), the founding of the National Negro Business League in 1900, his celebrated dinner at the White House in 1901, and control of patronage politics as chief black advisor to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. Washington kept his white following by conservative policies and moderate utterances, but he faced growing black and white liberal opposition in the Niagara Movement (1905-9) and the NAACP (1909-), groups demanding civil rights and encouraging protest in response to white aggressions such as lynchings, disfranchisement, and segregation laws. Washington successfully fended off these critics, often by underhanded means. At the same time, however, he tried to translate his own personal success into black advancement through secret sponsorship of civil rights suits, serving on the boards of Fisk and Howard universities, and directing philanthropic aid to these and other black colleges. His speaking tours and private persuasion tried to equalize public educational opportunities and to reduce racial violence. These efforts were generally unsuccessful, and the year of Washingtons death marked the beginning of the Great Migration from the rural South to the urban North. Washingtons racial philosophy, pragmatically adjusted to the limiting conditions of his own era, did not survive the change. Biographies